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SVN vs Git: Which Version Control System Should You Use?

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Version Control Systems (VCS), like Git and SVN, track and manage code changes and provide an efficient way to collaborate on software development projects. A VCS is especially useful as a software development project grows in size and complexity, but even the simplest projects can benefit from tracking code changes with a VCS.

Git and SVN are two of the most popular open source VCS solutions. Git has recently skyrocketed in popularity due to its use by developers collaborating on open-source projects. SVN, on the other hand, has been more commonly used in enterprise software development projects.

This guide discusses the features and pros and cons of Git and SVN to help you choose the best VCS for your software development project.

Types of version control systems

A version control system manages changes in a file or a set of files and organizes those changes in versions.
There are three different types of version control systems:

• Localized, which is deployed on your local computer. It stores file changes, which you made since the previous version, as a patch. Since data is stored locally, you may lose it in case of errors or any corruption.
• Centralized, which stores all the versions of file changes within a single central server. Multiple users can have access to files on the server from their local computers and be aware of who checks out the files and what changes applies. However, if the server is down, the changes cannot be pulled or saved and may be lost. Thus, it is recommended that you have a backup.
• Distributed, which allows users to clone a repository along with the full history of changes on their local computers. In case of any issues with the server, users can share their copy of the project version through the remote repository and thus, avoid losing any data.

FILES

$GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.*

Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit names. In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set, this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the end of every commit (see the svn.noMetadata section above for details).

git svn fetch and git svn rebase automatically update the rev_map if it is missing or not up to date. git svn reset automatically rewinds it.

REBASEPULL/MERGE

Prefer to use git svn rebase or git rebase, rather than git pull or git merge to synchronize unintegrated commits with a git svn branch. Doing so will keep the history of unintegrated commits linear with respect to the upstream SVN repository and allow the use of the preferred git svn dcommit subcommand to push unintegrated commits back into SVN.

Originally, git svn recommended that developers pulled or merged from
the git svn branch. This was because the author favored

git svn set-tree B

to commit a single head rather than the

git svn set-tree A..B

notation to commit multiple commits. Use of
git pull or git merge with

git svn set-tree A..B

will cause non-linear
history to be flattened when committing into SVN and this can lead to merge
commits unexpectedly reversing previous commits in SVN.

HANDLING OF SVN BRANCHES

If git svn is configured to fetch branches (and –follow-branches is in effect), it sometimes creates multiple Git branches for one SVN branch, where the additional branches have names of the form branchname@nnn (with nnn an SVN revision number). These additional branches are created if git svn cannot find a parent commit for the first commit in an SVN branch, to connect the branch to the history of the other branches.

Normally, the first commit in an SVN branch consists
of a copy operation. git svn will read this commit to get the SVN
revision the branch was created from. It will then try to find the
Git commit that corresponds to this SVN revision, and use that as the
parent of the branch. However, it is possible that there is no suitable
Git commit to serve as parent. This will happen, among other reasons,
if the SVN branch is a copy of a revision that was not fetched by git
svn (e.g. because it is an old revision that was skipped with

--revision

), or if in SVN a directory was copied that is not tracked
by git svn (such as a branch that is not tracked at all, or a
subdirectory of a tracked branch). In these cases, git svn will still
create a Git branch, but instead of using an existing Git commit as the
parent of the branch, it will read the SVN history of the directory the
branch was copied from and create appropriate Git commits. This is
indicated by the message “Initializing parent:

“.

Additionally, it will create a special branch named

@

, where

is the SVN revision number the branch was copied from. This branch will point to the newly created parent commit of the branch. If in SVN the branch was deleted and later recreated from a different version, there will be multiple such branches with an @.

Note that this may mean that multiple Git commits are created for a single SVN revision.

An example: in an SVN repository with a standard trunk/tags/branches layout, a directory trunk/sub is created in r.100. In r.200, trunk/sub is branched by copying it to branches/. git svn clone -s will then create a branch sub. It will also create new Git commits for r.100 through r.199 and use these as the history of branch sub. Thus there will be two Git commits for each revision from r.100 to r.199 (one containing trunk/, one containing trunk/sub/). Finally, it will create a branch sub@200 pointing to the new parent commit of branch sub (i.e. the commit for r.200 and trunk/sub/).

Why Is Git More Popular Than SVN?

Git is also more popular. SVN’s popularity is waning. And many teams are looking to make a switch. That’s because Git is better than SVN at branching — and it can be better than SVN for access control and auditability, based on your needs.

There are a couple of reasons for making the switch from SVN. It isn’t a great tool for automation and DevOps. And that it no longer has a vibrant community supporting it.

You could migrate from SVN to Git (and use a Git SVN pull command to pull in commits). Git seems like a no-brainer when looking for a more modern and supported system to replace SVN. Especially since it is also open source: you won’t have to budget for something that you aren’t paying for today.

However, if you are working with large files, have large global teams, security concerns, or other “at scale” challenges, Git may create more problems than it solves.

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HANDLING OF SVN BRANCHES

If git svn is configured to fetch branches (and –follow-branches is in effect), it sometimes creates multiple Git branches for one SVN branch, where the additional branches have names of the form branchname@nnn (with nnn an SVN revision number). These additional branches are created if git svn cannot find a parent commit for the first commit in an SVN branch, to connect the branch to the history of the other branches.

Normally, the first commit in an SVN branch consists
of a copy operation. git svn will read this commit to get the SVN
revision the branch was created from. It will then try to find the
Git commit that corresponds to this SVN revision, and use that as the
parent of the branch. However, it is possible that there is no suitable
Git commit to serve as parent. This will happen, among other reasons,
if the SVN branch is a copy of a revision that was not fetched by git
svn (e.g. because it is an old revision that was skipped with

--revision

), or if in SVN a directory was copied that is not tracked
by git svn (such as a branch that is not tracked at all, or a
subdirectory of a tracked branch). In these cases, git svn will still
create a Git branch, but instead of using an existing Git commit as the
parent of the branch, it will read the SVN history of the directory the
branch was copied from and create appropriate Git commits. This is
indicated by the message “Initializing parent:

“.

Additionally, it will create a special branch named

@

, where

is the SVN revision number the branch was copied from. This branch will point to the newly created parent commit of the branch. If in SVN the branch was deleted and later recreated from a different version, there will be multiple such branches with an @.

Note that this may mean that multiple Git commits are created for a single SVN revision.

An example: in an SVN repository with a standard trunk/tags/branches layout, a directory trunk/sub is created in r.100. In r.200, trunk/sub is branched by copying it to branches/. git svn clone -s will then create a branch sub. It will also create new Git commits for r.100 through r.199 and use these as the history of branch sub. Thus there will be two Git commits for each revision from r.100 to r.199 (one containing trunk/, one containing trunk/sub/). Finally, it will create a branch sub@200 pointing to the new parent commit of branch sub (i.e. the commit for r.200 and trunk/sub/).

GitSVN: Feature Comparison

Here are the biggest feature differences between Git vs. SVN. Find out which tool is better for which purposes.

Server Architecture

Server architecture is quite different between Git and SVN.

How It Works

Git software is installed on a workstation and acts as a client and a server. Every developer has a local copy of the full version history of the project on their individual machine. Git changes happen locally. So, the developer doesn’t have to be connected all the time. Once all the files are downloaded to the developer’s workstation, local operations are faster.

SVN has a separate server and client. Only the files a developer is working on are kept on the local machine, and the developer must be online, working with the server. Users check out files and commit changes back to the server.

What About Repos?

Sharing is done in central repositories, like a GitHub. And, in today’s world, enterprises have projects that span multiple repositories that include large binary files.

Storing large binary files in Git is unrealistic. Developers spend time waiting to check out the full repository onto their computer. Every time a large file is changed and committed, Git repositories grow exponentially.

Of course, there are workarounds for storing your binaries in Git, such as Git LFS. But still, every developer action leads to a mountain of change history data. This is going to slow down performance.

In SVN, only the working tree and the latest changes are checked out onto local machines. Checkouts take less time in SVN when there are a lot of changes to binary files.

SVN Is Better For Performance

When it comes to Git vs. SVN performance, the client-server model of SVN outperforms with larger files and codebases.

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Switch From SVN to a Better Tool

Many teams have switched from SVN to Helix Core. That’s because Helix Core delivers greater speed, scale, and security (and you can still use Git). See for yourself why SVN users switch. Try Helix Core for free for up to 5 users.

GitSVN Branching

SVN vs. Git branching are quite different.

How It Works

SVN branches are created as directories inside a repository. This directory structure is the core pain point with SVN branching. When the branch is ready, you commit back to the trunk.

Of course, you’re not the only one merging changes. Your version of the trunk might not reflect developers’ branches. This means conflicts, missing files, and jumbled changes riddle your branch.

This makes for a complicated branching and merging model. This is also time-consuming to manage.

Git branches are only references to a certain commit. They are lightweight — yet powerful. You can create, delete, and change a branch at any time, without affecting the commits.

If you need to test out a new feature or you find a bug, you can make a branch, make the changes, push the commit to the central repo, and then delete the branch.

Git Is Better For Branching

Developers prefer Git because of its effective branching model.

Access Controls

Access control is another key feature in the Git vs. SVN debate.

How It Works

By default, Git assumes that all the contributors have the same permissions.

On the other hand, SVN allows you to specify read and write access controls per file level and per directory level.

It’s a Toss-Up

Depending on your needs, either Git or SVN could be a better choice. Both systems take different approaches when it comes to permissions and access.

Auditability

Auditability is another thing that’s different in Git vs. SVN.

How It Works

With SVN, the repository’s change history is pretty consistent. To make any change to the repository’s history, you need access to the central server. Changes are tracked at the file level.

Git’s distributed nature allows anyone to change any part of their local repository’s history. Changes are tracked at a repository level. Although pushing a changed history is heavily discouraged, it can happen. This causes problems if other developers are relying on particular changes.

In Git, the complete history of the repository is “backed up” each time a developer clones it to their computer. This natural backup mechanism is useless if neglected.

It’s a Toss-Up

You could choose Git or SVN for auditability — as long as you back it up. Making regular backups is highly encouraged with both solutions. You don’t want to be on the receiving end of a server crash without a recent copy of your shared server.

Storage Requirements

Storage is similar in Git and SVN. The disk space usage is equal for both Git and SVN repositories. The difference is what type of files can be stored in the repositories.

How It Works

Git repositories can’t handle large binary files.

SVN repositories can handle large binary files, in addition to code. Storing large binary files in SVN would take up less space than in Git.

SVN Is Better For Binaries

SVN is better at storing binary files.

Usability

Usability is another differentiator between SVN and Git.

How It Works

SVN uses the command line as the primary user interface. It is more readily used by non-programmers who want to version non-code assets. Learn more about SVN commands.

Git also uses the command line as the primary user interface. But the syntax in Git can overwhelm beginners.

SVN is Easier to Learn

SVN often considered easier to learn. This is especially true for non-technical users. They are able to catch on to common operations quickly.

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CONFIG FILE-ONLY OPTIONS

svn.noMetadata

svn-remote.

.noMetadata

This gets rid of the git-svn-id: lines at the end of every commit.

This option can only be used for one-shot imports as git svn will not be able to fetch again without metadata. Additionally, if you lose your $GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.* files, git svn will not be able to rebuild them.

The git svn log command will not work on repositories using this, either. Using this conflicts with the useSvmProps option for (hopefully) obvious reasons.

This option is NOT recommended as it makes it difficult to track down old references to SVN revision numbers in existing documentation, bug reports, and archives. If you plan to eventually migrate from SVN to Git and are certain about dropping SVN history, consider git-filter-repo instead. filter-repo also allows reformatting of metadata for ease-of-reading and rewriting authorship info for non-“svn.authorsFile” users.

svn.useSvmProps

svn-remote.

.useSvmProps

This allows git svn to re-map repository URLs and UUIDs from mirrors created using SVN::Mirror (or svk) for metadata.

If an SVN revision has a property, “svm:headrev”, it is likely that the revision was created by SVN::Mirror (also used by SVK). The property contains a repository UUID and a revision. We want to make it look like we are mirroring the original URL, so introduce a helper function that returns the original identity URL and UUID, and use it when generating metadata in commit messages.

svn.useSvnsyncProps

svn-remote.

.useSvnsyncprops

Similar to the useSvmProps option; this is for users of the svnsync(1) command distributed with SVN 1.4.x and later.

svn-remote.

.rewriteRoot

This allows users to create repositories from alternate URLs. For example, an administrator could run git svn on the server locally (accessing via file://) but wish to distribute the repository with a public http:// or svn:// URL in the metadata so users of it will see the public URL.

svn-remote.

.rewriteUUID

Similar to the useSvmProps option; this is for users who need to remap the UUID manually. This may be useful in situations where the original UUID is not available via either useSvmProps or useSvnsyncProps.

svn-remote.

.pushurl

Similar to Git’s


remote.

.pushurl


, this key is designed to be used in cases where url points to an SVN repository via a read-only transport, to provide an alternate read/write transport. It is assumed that both keys point to the same repository. Unlike commiturl, pushurl is a base path. If either commiturl or pushurl could be used, commiturl takes precedence.

svn.brokenSymlinkWorkaround

This disables potentially expensive checks to workaround broken symlinks checked into SVN by broken clients. Set this option to “false” if you track a SVN repository with many empty blobs that are not symlinks. This option may be changed while git svn is running and take effect on the next revision fetched. If unset, git svn assumes this option to be “true”.

svn.pathnameencoding

This instructs git svn to recode pathnames to a given encoding. It can be used by windows users and by those who work in non-utf8 locales to avoid corrupted file names with non-ASCII characters. Valid encodings are the ones supported by Perl’s Encode module.

svn-remote.

.automkdirs

Normally, the “git svn clone” and “git svn rebase” commands attempt to recreate empty directories that are in the Subversion repository. If this option is set to “false”, then empty directories will only be created if the “git svn mkdirs” command is run explicitly. If unset, git svn assumes this option to be “true”.

Since the noMetadata, rewriteRoot, rewriteUUID, useSvnsyncProps and useSvmProps options all affect the metadata generated and used by git svn; they must be set in the configuration file before any history is imported and these settings should never be changed once they are set.

Additionally, only one of these options can be used per svn-remote section because they affect the git-svn-id: metadata line, except for rewriteRoot and rewriteUUID which can be used together.

Including subprojects

A subproject is a project that’s developed and managed somewhere outside of your main project. You typically import a subproject to add some functionality to your project without needing to maintain the code yourself. Whenever the subproject is updated, you can synchronize it with your project to ensure that everything is up-to-date.

In SVN, a subproject is called an SVN external. In Git, it’s called a Git submodule. Although conceptually similar, Git submodules are not kept up-to-date automatically; you must explicitly ask for a new version to be brought into your project.

For more information, see “Git Tools Submodules” in the Git documentation.

ADVANCED OPTIONS

-i

–id

This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from when tracking a single URL. The log and dcommit commands no longer require this switch as an argument.

-R

–svn-remote

Specify the [svn-remote ”

“] section to use, this allows SVN multiple repositories to be tracked. Default: “svn”

–follow-parent

This option is only relevant if we are tracking branches (using one of the repository layout options –trunk, –tags, –branches, –stdlayout). For each tracked branch, try to find out where its revision was copied from, and set a suitable parent in the first Git commit for the branch. This is especially helpful when we’re tracking a directory that has been moved around within the repository. If this feature is disabled, the branches created by git svn will all be linear and not share any history, meaning that there will be no information on where branches were branched off or merged. However, following long/convoluted histories can take a long time, so disabling this feature may speed up the cloning process. This feature is enabled by default, use –no-follow-parent to disable it.

config key: svn.followparent

FILES

$GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.*

Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit names. In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set, this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the end of every commit (see the svn.noMetadata section above for details).

git svn fetch and git svn rebase automatically update the rev_map if it is missing or not up to date. git svn reset automatically rewinds it.

What is the Git Version Control System?

Git is a distributed version control system. In this type of VCS, a project contributor creates a local repository that is a full clone of a central repository. With a local clone of the central repository, each contributor is able to work on the project completely offline on their own computer. When changes are ready, contributors can push and merge them with the central repository.

Git has immense support from the open-source community. It has quickly become one of the most used version control systems for software development projects.

What is SVN?

Apache Subversion (SVN), is a centralized version control system. When working with this type of VCS, all project files exist on a central repository server. The central repository has a “trunk,” which contains the current, stable version of the project. When working on new features, contributors can make “branches” from the trunk. Each branch is stored in a sub-folder on the central repository. When changes are ready, a branch can be merged into the trunk.

SVN has a long and successful history and stands as a titan in the version control world. It has widespread usage for enterprise projects, with features like granular access control that make it excel in that context.

GitSVN Commands

Here’s a quick comparison of Git vs. SVN commands — and how to use them.

Task	SVN Commands	Git Commands
Create a new repository.	svnadmin create	git init
Copy files into the client workspace.	svn checkout	git clone or git fetch
Send changes to the depot.	svn commit	git commit
Add a new file.	svn import	git add
Compare changes to files.	svn diff	git diff

More Commands

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COMMANDS

init

Initializes an empty Git repository with additional metadata directories for git svn. The Subversion URL may be specified as a command-line argument, or as full URL arguments to -T/-t/-b. Optionally, the target directory to operate on can be specified as a second argument. Normally this command initializes the current directory.

-T

–trunk=

-b

–branches=

-s

–stdlayout

These are optional command-line options for init. Each of these flags can point to a relative repository path (–tags=project/tags) or a full url (–tags=https://foo.org/project/tags). You can specify more than one –tags and/or –branches options, in case your Subversion repository places tags or branches under multiple paths. The option –stdlayout is a shorthand way of setting trunk,tags,branches as the relative paths, which is the Subversion default. If any of the other options are given as well, they take precedence.

–no-metadata

Set the noMetadata option in the [svn-remote] config. This option is not recommended, please read the svn.noMetadata section of this manpage before using this option.

–use-svm-props

Set the useSvmProps option in the [svn-remote] config.

–use-svnsync-props

Set the useSvnsyncProps option in the [svn-remote] config.

–rewrite-root=

Set the rewriteRoot option in the [svn-remote] config.

–rewrite-uuid=

Set the rewriteUUID option in the [svn-remote] config.

–username=

For transports that SVN handles authentication for (http, https, and plain svn), specify the username. For other transports (e.g.


svn+ssh://

), you must include the username in the URL, e.g.

svn+ssh://[email protected]/project


–prefix=

This allows one to specify a prefix which is prepended to the names of remotes if trunk/branches/tags are specified. The prefix does not automatically include a trailing slash, so be sure you include one in the argument if that is what you want. If –branches/-b is specified, the prefix must include a trailing slash. Setting a prefix (with a trailing slash) is strongly encouraged in any case, as your SVN-tracking refs will then be located at “refs/remotes/$prefix/”, which is compatible with Git’s own remote-tracking ref layout (refs/remotes/$remote/). Setting a prefix is also useful if you wish to track multiple projects that share a common repository. By default, the prefix is set to origin/.

Note

Before Git v2.0, the default prefix was “” (no prefix). This meant that SVN-tracking refs were put at “refs/remotes/*”, which is incompatible with how Git’s own remote-tracking refs are organized. If you still want the old default, you can get it by passing


--prefix ""

on the command line (

--prefix=""

may not work if your Perl’s Getopt::Long is < v2.37).

–ignore-refs=

When passed to init or clone this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See fetch for a description of


--ignore-refs

.

–ignore-paths=

When passed to init or clone this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See fetch for a description of


--ignore-paths

.

–include-paths=

When passed to init or clone this regular expression will be preserved as a config key. See fetch for a description of


--include-paths

.

–no-minimize-url

When tracking multiple directories (using –stdlayout, –branches, or –tags options), git svn will attempt to connect to the root (or highest allowed level) of the Subversion repository. This default allows better tracking of history if entire projects are moved within a repository, but may cause issues on repositories where read access restrictions are in place. Passing


--no-minimize-url

will allow git svn to accept URLs as-is without attempting to connect to a higher level directory. This option is off by default when only one URL/branch is tracked (it would do little good).

fetch

Fetch unfetched revisions from the Subversion remote we are tracking. The name of the [svn-remote “…”] section in the $GIT_DIR/config file may be specified as an optional command-line argument.

This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see $GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.* in the FILES section below for details).

–localtime

Store Git commit times in the local time zone instead of UTC. This makes git log (even without –date=local) show the same times that


svn log

would in the local time zone.

This doesn’t interfere with interoperating with the Subversion repository you cloned from, but if you wish for your local Git repository to be able to interoperate with someone else’s local Git repository, either don’t use this option or you should both use it in the same local time zone.

–parent

Fetch only from the SVN parent of the current HEAD.

–ignore-refs=

Ignore refs for branches or tags matching the Perl regular expression. A “negative look-ahead assertion” like


^refs/remotes/origin/(?!tags/wanted-tag|wanted-branch).*$

can be used to allow only certain refs.

config key: svn-remote.

.ignore-refs

If the ignore-refs configuration key is set, and the command-line option is also given, both regular expressions will be used.

–ignore-paths=

This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will cause skipping of all matching paths from checkout from SVN. The


--ignore-paths

option should match for every fetch (including automatic fetches due to clone, dcommit, rebase, etc) on a given repository.

config key: svn-remote.

.ignore-paths

If the ignore-paths configuration key is set, and the command-line option is also given, both regular expressions will be used.

Examples:

–include-paths=

This allows one to specify a Perl regular expression that will cause the inclusion of only matching paths from checkout from SVN. The


--include-paths

option should match for every fetch (including automatic fetches due to clone, dcommit, rebase, etc) on a given repository.

--ignore-paths

takes precedence over

--include-paths

.

config key: svn-remote.

.include-paths

–log-window-size=

Fetch

log entries per request when scanning Subversion history. The default is 100. For very large Subversion repositories, larger values may be needed for clone/fetch to complete in reasonable time. But overly large values may lead to higher memory usage and request timeouts.

clone

Runs init and fetch. It will automatically create a directory based on the basename of the URL passed to it; or if a second argument is passed; it will create a directory and work within that. It accepts all arguments that the init and fetch commands accept; with the exception of


--fetch-all

and

--parent

. After a repository is cloned, the fetch command will be able to update revisions without affecting the working tree; and the rebase command will be able to update the working tree with the latest changes.

–preserve-empty-dirs

Create a placeholder file in the local Git repository for each empty directory fetched from Subversion. This includes directories that become empty by removing all entries in the Subversion repository (but not the directory itself). The placeholder files are also tracked and removed when no longer necessary.

–placeholder-filename=

Set the name of placeholder files created by –preserve-empty-dirs. Default: “.gitignore”

rebase

This fetches revisions from the SVN parent of the current HEAD and rebases the current (uncommitted to SVN) work against it.

This works similarly to


svn update

or git pull except that it preserves linear history with git rebase instead of git merge for ease of dcommitting with git svn.

This accepts all options that git svn fetch and git rebase accept. However,


--fetch-all

only fetches from the current [svn-remote], and not all [svn-remote] definitions.

Like git rebase; this requires that the working tree be clean and have no uncommitted changes.

This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see $GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.* in the FILES section below for details).

dcommit

Commit each diff from the current branch directly to the SVN repository, and then rebase or reset (depending on whether or not there is a diff between SVN and head). This will create a revision in SVN for each commit in Git.

When an optional Git branch name (or a Git commit object name) is specified as an argument, the subcommand works on the specified branch, not on the current branch.

Use of dcommit is preferred to set-tree (below).

–no-rebase

After committing, do not rebase or reset.

–commit-url

Commit to this SVN URL (the full path). This is intended to allow existing git svn repositories created with one transport method (e.g.


svn://

or

http://

for anonymous read) to be reused if a user is later given access to an alternate transport method (e.g.

svn+ssh://

or

https://

) for commit.

config key: svn-remote.

.commiturl config key: svn.commiturl (overwrites all svn-remote.

.commiturl options)

Note that the SVN URL of the commiturl config key includes the SVN branch. If you rather want to set the commit URL for an entire SVN repository use svn-remote.

.pushurl instead.

Using this option for any other purpose (don’t ask) is very strongly discouraged.

–mergeinfo=

Add the given merge information during the dcommit (e.g.


--mergeinfo="/branches/foo:1-10"

). All svn server versions can store this information (as a property), and svn clients starting from version 1.5 can make use of it. To specify merge information from multiple branches, use a single space character between the branches (

--mergeinfo="/branches/foo:1-10 /branches/bar:3,5-6,8"

)

config key: svn.pushmergeinfo

This option will cause git-svn to attempt to automatically populate the svn:mergeinfo property in the SVN repository when possible. Currently, this can only be done when dcommitting non-fast-forward merges where all parents but the first have already been pushed into SVN.

–interactive

Ask the user to confirm that a patch set should actually be sent to SVN. For each patch, one may answer “yes” (accept this patch), “no” (discard this patch), “all” (accept all patches), or “quit”.

git svn dcommit returns immediately if answer is “no” or “quit”, without committing anything to SVN.

branch

Create a branch in the SVN repository.

-m

–message

Allows to specify the commit message.

-t

–tag

Create a tag by using the tags_subdir instead of the branches_subdir specified during git svn init.

-d

–destination=

If more than one –branches (or –tags) option was given to the init or clone command, you must provide the location of the branch (or tag) you wish to create in the SVN repository. specifies which path to use to create the branch or tag and should match the pattern on the left-hand side of one of the configured branches or tags refspecs. You can see these refspecs with the commands

git config –get-all svn-remote.

.branches git config –get-all svn-remote.

.tags

where

is the name of the SVN repository as specified by the -R option to init (or “svn” by default).

–username

Specify the SVN username to perform the commit as. This option overrides the username configuration property.

–commit-url

Use the specified URL to connect to the destination Subversion repository. This is useful in cases where the source SVN repository is read-only. This option overrides configuration property commiturl.

git config –get-all svn-remote.

.commiturl

–parents

Create parent folders. This parameter is equivalent to the parameter –parents on svn cp commands and is useful for non-standard repository layouts.

tag

Create a tag in the SVN repository. This is a shorthand for branch -t.

log

This should make it easy to look up svn log messages when svn users refer to -r/–revision numbers.

The following features from ‘svn log’ are supported:

-r

[:

–revision=

[:

is supported, non-numeric args are not: HEAD, NEXT, BASE, PREV, etc …

-v

–verbose

it’s not completely compatible with the –verbose output in svn log, but reasonably close.

–limit=

is NOT the same as –max-count, doesn’t count merged/excluded commits

–incremental

supported

New features:

Note

SVN itself only stores times in UTC and nothing else. The regular svn client converts the UTC time to the local time (or based on the TZ= environment). This command has the same behaviour.

Any other arguments are passed directly to git log

blame

Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The output of this mode is format-compatible with the output of ‘svn blame’ by default. Like the SVN blame command, local uncommitted changes in the working tree are ignored; the version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown arguments are passed directly to git blame.

find-rev

When given an SVN revision number of the form rN, returns the corresponding Git commit hash (this can optionally be followed by a tree-ish to specify which branch should be searched). When given a tree-ish, returns the corresponding SVN revision number.

-B

–before

Don’t require an exact match if given an SVN revision, instead find the commit corresponding to the state of the SVN repository (on the current branch) at the specified revision.

-A

–after

Don’t require an exact match if given an SVN revision; if there is not an exact match return the closest match searching forward in the history.

set-tree

You should consider using dcommit instead of this command. Commit specified commit or tree objects to SVN. This relies on your imported fetch data being up to date. This makes absolutely no attempts to do patching when committing to SVN, it simply overwrites files with those specified in the tree or commit. All merging is assumed to have taken place independently of git svn functions.

create-ignore

Recursively finds the svn:ignore property on directories and creates matching .gitignore files. The resulting files are staged to be committed, but are not committed. Use -r/–revision to refer to a specific revision.

show-ignore

Recursively finds and lists the svn:ignore property on directories. The output is suitable for appending to the $GIT_DIR/info/exclude file.

mkdirs

Attempts to recreate empty directories that core Git cannot track based on information in $GIT_DIR/svn/

/unhandled.log files. Empty directories are automatically recreated when using “git svn clone” and “git svn rebase”, so “mkdirs” is intended for use after commands like “git checkout” or “git reset”. (See the svn-remote.

.automkdirs config file option for more information.)

commit-diff

Commits the diff of two tree-ish arguments from the command-line. This command does not rely on being inside a


git svn init

-ed repository. This command takes three arguments, (a) the original tree to diff against, (b) the new tree result, (c) the URL of the target Subversion repository. The final argument (URL) may be omitted if you are working from a git svn-aware repository (that has been

init

-ed with git svn). The -r

option is required for this.

The commit message is supplied either directly with the


-m

or

-F

option, or indirectly from the tag or commit when the second tree-ish denotes such an object, or it is requested by invoking an editor (see

--edit

option below).

info

Shows information about a file or directory similar to what ‘svn info’ provides. Does not currently support a -r/–revision argument. Use the –url option to output only the value of the URL: field.

proplist

Lists the properties stored in the Subversion repository about a given file or directory. Use -r/–revision to refer to a specific Subversion revision.

propget

Gets the Subversion property given as the first argument, for a file. A specific revision can be specified with -r/–revision.

propset

Sets the Subversion property given as the first argument, to the value given as the second argument for the file given as the third argument.

Example:

git svn propset svn:keywords “FreeBSD=%H” devel/py-tipper/Makefile

This will set the property svn:keywords to FreeBSD=%H for the file devel/py-tipper/Makefile.

show-externals

Shows the Subversion externals. Use -r/–revision to specify a specific revision.

gc

Compress $GIT_DIR/svn/

/unhandled.log files and remove $GIT_DIR/svn/

/index files.

reset

Undoes the effects of fetch back to the specified revision. This allows you to re-fetch an SVN revision. Normally the contents of an SVN revision should never change and reset should not be necessary. However, if SVN permissions change, or if you alter your –ignore-paths option, a fetch may fail with “not found in commit” (file not previously visible) or “checksum mismatch” (missed a modification). If the problem file cannot be ignored forever (with –ignore-paths) the only way to repair the repo is to use reset.

Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed (see $GIT_DIR/svn/**/.rev_map.* in the FILES section below for details). Follow reset with a fetch and then git reset or git rebase to move local branches onto the new tree.

-r

–revision=

Specify the most recent revision to keep. All later revisions are discarded.

-p

–parent

Discard the specified revision as well, keeping the nearest parent instead.

Example:

Assume you have local changes in “master”, but you need to refetch “r2”.

r1—r2—r3 remotes/git-svn \ A—B master

Fix the ignore-paths or SVN permissions problem that caused “r2” to be incomplete in the first place. Then:

git svn reset -r2 -p git svn fetch

r1—r2′–r3′ remotes/git-svn \ r2—r3—A—B master

Then fixup “master” with git rebase. Do NOT use git merge or your history will not be compatible with a future dcommit!

git rebase –onto remotes/git-svn A^ master

r1—r2′–r3′ remotes/git-svn \ A’–B’ master

ADVANCED OPTIONS

-i

–id

This sets GIT_SVN_ID (instead of using the environment). This allows the user to override the default refname to fetch from when tracking a single URL. The log and dcommit commands no longer require this switch as an argument.

-R

–svn-remote

Specify the [svn-remote ”

“] section to use, this allows SVN multiple repositories to be tracked. Default: “svn”

–follow-parent

This option is only relevant if we are tracking branches (using one of the repository layout options –trunk, –tags, –branches, –stdlayout). For each tracked branch, try to find out where its revision was copied from, and set a suitable parent in the first Git commit for the branch. This is especially helpful when we’re tracking a directory that has been moved around within the repository. If this feature is disabled, the branches created by git svn will all be linear and not share any history, meaning that there will be no information on where branches were branched off or merged. However, following long/convoluted histories can take a long time, so disabling this feature may speed up the cloning process. This feature is enabled by default, use –no-follow-parent to disable it.

config key: svn.followparent

GIT

Part of the git[1] suite

What Is the Difference Between Git and SVN?

The biggest difference between Git vs Subversion (SVN) is that Git version control is distributed while SVN is centralized. There are also key differences in repositories, branching, and more.

If you’re considering switching from SVN to Git, you’ll want to take these into account.

Back to top

BASIC EXAMPLES

Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project (ignoring tags and branches):

# Clone a repo (like git clone): git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project/trunk # Enter the newly cloned directory: cd trunk # You should be on master branch, double-check with ‘git branch’ git branch # Do some work and commit locally to Git: git commit … # Something is committed to SVN, rebase your local changes against the # latest changes in SVN: git svn rebase # Now commit your changes (that were committed previously using Git) to SVN, # as well as automatically updating your working HEAD: git svn dcommit # Append svn:ignore settings to the default Git exclude file: git svn show-ignore >> .git/info/exclude

Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project (complete with a trunk, tags and branches):

# Clone a repo with standard SVN directory layout (like git clone): git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project –stdlayout –prefix svn/ # Or, if the repo uses a non-standard directory layout: git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag –prefix svn/ # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r # Create a new branch in SVN git svn branch waldo # Reset your master to trunk (or any other branch, replacing ‘trunk’ # with the appropriate name): git reset –hard svn/trunk # You may only dcommit to one branch/tag/trunk at a time. The usage # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above.

The initial git svn clone can be quite time-consuming (especially for large Subversion repositories). If multiple people (or one person with multiple machines) want to use git svn to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can do the initial git svn clone to a repository on a server and have each person clone that repository with git clone:

# Do the initial import on a server ssh server “cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project [options…]” # Clone locally – make sure the refs/remotes/ space matches the server mkdir project cd project git init git remote add origin server:/pub/project git config –replace-all remote.origin.fetch ‘+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/*’ git fetch # Prevent fetch/pull from remote Git server in the future, # we only want to use git svn for future updates git config –remove-section remote.origin # Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD # Initialize ‘git svn’ locally (be sure to use the same URL and # –stdlayout/-T/-b/-t/–prefix options as were used on server) git svn init http://svn.example.com/project [options…] # Pull the latest changes from Subversion git svn rebase

Git vs SVN

Apache Subversion hay SVN là một trong những hệ thống kiểm soát phiên bản tập trung phổ biến nhất . Giờ đây, mức độ phổ biến của SVN đang giảm dần, nhưng vẫn còn hàng triệu dự án được lưu trữ trong đó. Nó có thể tiếp tục được duy trì tích cực bởi một cộng đồng nguồn mở. Trong SVN, bạn có thể kiểm tra một phiên bản duy nhất của kho lưu trữ. Nó lưu trữ dữ liệu trong một máy chủ trung tâm. Hạn chế của SVN là, nó có toàn bộ lịch sử trên một kho lưu trữ cục bộ giới hạn bạn. Bạn chỉ có thể thực hiện commits, diffs, logs, branches, merges, chú thích file, v.v.

Trong khi, Git là một hệ thống kiểm soát phiên bản phân tán phổ biến , có nghĩa là bạn có thể sao chép kho lưu trữ của mình. Vì vậy, bạn có thể nhận được một bản sao hoàn chỉnh của toàn bộ lịch sử của bạn về dự án đó. Điều này có nghĩa là bạn có thể truy cập tất cả các commits của mình.

Git có nhiều ưu điểm hơn SVN . Nó tốt hơn nhiều cho những developer không phải lúc nào cũng được kết nối với kho lưu trữ chính. Ngoài ra, nó nhanh hơn nhiều so với SVN.

Để hiểu rõ hơn về sự khác biệt giữa Git và Subversion. Chúng ta hãy xem xét các điểm quan trọng sau đây.

Git	SVN
Đó là một hệ thống kiểm soát phiên bản phân tán.	Đó là một hệ thống kiểm soát phiên bản tập trung
Git là một SCM (quản lý mã nguồn).	SVN là kiểm soát sửa đổi.
Git có một kho lưu trữ nhân bản.	SVN không có kho lưu trữ nhân bản.
Các nhánh Git quen thuộc để làm việc. Hệ thống Git giúp hợp nhất các tệp một cách nhanh chóng và cũng hỗ trợ tìm kiếm những tệp chưa được hợp nhất.	Các nhánh SVN là một thư mục tồn tại trong kho. Một số lệnh đặc biệt được yêu cầu Để hợp nhất các nhánh.
Git không có số sửa đổi Toàn cầu.	SVN có số sửa đổi Toàn cầu.
Git có nội dung được băm bằng mật mã để bảo vệ nội dung khỏi bị hỏng kho lưu trữ do sự cố mạng hoặc lỗi đĩa.	SVN không có bất kỳ nội dung được băm bằng mật mã nào.
Git nội dung được lưu trữ dưới dạng siêu dữ liệu.	SVN lưu trữ nội dung dưới dạng tệp.
Git có nhiều tính năng bảo vệ nội dung hơn SVN.	Nội dung của SVN kém an toàn hơn Git.
Linus Torvalds đã phát triển git cho nhân Linux.	CollabNet, Inc đã phát triển SVN.
Git được phân phối theo GNU (Giấy phép công cộng chung).	SVN được phân phối theo giấy phép nguồn mở.

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Setup and Config

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Guides

• gitattributes
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• Tutorial
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• All guides…

Administration

Plumbing Commands

1. 2.35.1 → 2.43.1 no changes
2. 2.35.0
   01/24/22
3. 2.34.1 → 2.34.8 no changes
4. 2.34.0
   11/15/21
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6. 2.32.0
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7. 2.30.1 → 2.31.8 no changes
8. 2.30.0
   12/27/20

Preserving history

SVN is configured to assume that the history of a project never changes. Git allows you to modify previous commits and changes using tools like

git rebase

.

GitHub supports Subversion clients, which may produce some unexpected results if you’re using both Git and SVN on the same project. If you’ve manipulated Git’s commit history, those same commits will always remain within SVN’s history. If you accidentally committed some sensitive data, we have an article that will help you remove it from Git’s history.

Note: Subversion support will be removed with GitHub version 3.13. For more information, see the GitHub blog.

CONFIGURATION

git svn stores [svn-remote] configuration information in the repository $GIT_DIR/config file. It is similar the core Git [remote] sections except fetch keys do not accept glob arguments; but they are instead handled by the branches and tags keys. Since some SVN repositories are oddly configured with multiple projects glob expansions such those listed below are allowed:

[svn-remote “project-a”] url = http://server.org/svn fetch = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk branches = branches/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* branches = branches/release_*:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/release_* branches = branches/re*se:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* tags = tags/*/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/*

Keep in mind that the (asterisk) wildcard of the local ref
(right of the ) must be the farthest right path component;
however the remote wildcard may be anywhere as long as it’s an
independent path component (surrounded by or EOL). This
type of configuration is not automatically created by init and
should be manually entered with a text-editor or using git config.

Also note that only one asterisk is allowed per word. For example:

branches = branches/re*se:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/*

will match branches release, rese, re123se, however

branches = branches/re*s*e:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/*

will produce an error.

It is also possible to fetch a subset of branches or tags by using a comma-separated list of names within braces. For example:

[svn-remote “huge-project”] url = http://server.org/svn fetch = trunk/src:refs/remotes/trunk branches = branches/{red,green}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* tags = tags/{1.0,2.0}/src:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/*

Multiple fetch, branches, and tags keys are supported:

[svn-remote “messy-repo”] url = http://server.org/svn fetch = trunk/project-a:refs/remotes/project-a/trunk fetch = branches/demos/june-project-a-demo:refs/remotes/project-a/demos/june-demo branches = branches/server/*:refs/remotes/project-a/branches/* branches = branches/demos/2011/*:refs/remotes/project-a/2011-demos/* tags = tags/server/*:refs/remotes/project-a/tags/*

Creating a branch in such a configuration requires disambiguating which location to use using the -d or –destination flag:

$ git svn branch -d branches/server release-2-3-0

Note that git-svn keeps track of the highest revision in which a branch or tag has appeared. If the subset of branches or tags is changed after fetching, then $GIT_DIR/svn/.metadata must be manually edited to remove (or reset) branches-maxRev and/or tags-maxRev as appropriate.

BASIC EXAMPLES

Tracking and contributing to the trunk of a Subversion-managed project (ignoring tags and branches):

# Clone a repo (like git clone): git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project/trunk # Enter the newly cloned directory: cd trunk # You should be on master branch, double-check with ‘git branch’ git branch # Do some work and commit locally to Git: git commit … # Something is committed to SVN, rebase your local changes against the # latest changes in SVN: git svn rebase # Now commit your changes (that were committed previously using Git) to SVN, # as well as automatically updating your working HEAD: git svn dcommit # Append svn:ignore settings to the default Git exclude file: git svn show-ignore >> .git/info/exclude

Tracking and contributing to an entire Subversion-managed project (complete with a trunk, tags and branches):

# Clone a repo with standard SVN directory layout (like git clone): git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project –stdlayout –prefix svn/ # Or, if the repo uses a non-standard directory layout: git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project -T tr -b branch -t tag –prefix svn/ # View all branches and tags you have cloned: git branch -r # Create a new branch in SVN git svn branch waldo # Reset your master to trunk (or any other branch, replacing ‘trunk’ # with the appropriate name): git reset –hard svn/trunk # You may only dcommit to one branch/tag/trunk at a time. The usage # of dcommit/rebase/show-ignore should be the same as above.

The initial git svn clone can be quite time-consuming (especially for large Subversion repositories). If multiple people (or one person with multiple machines) want to use git svn to interact with the same Subversion repository, you can do the initial git svn clone to a repository on a server and have each person clone that repository with git clone:

# Do the initial import on a server ssh server “cd /pub && git svn clone http://svn.example.com/project [options…]” # Clone locally – make sure the refs/remotes/ space matches the server mkdir project cd project git init git remote add origin server:/pub/project git config –replace-all remote.origin.fetch ‘+refs/remotes/*:refs/remotes/*’ git fetch # Prevent fetch/pull from remote Git server in the future, # we only want to use git svn for future updates git config –remove-section remote.origin # Create a local branch from one of the branches just fetched git checkout -b master FETCH_HEAD # Initialize ‘git svn’ locally (be sure to use the same URL and # –stdlayout/-T/-b/-t/–prefix options as were used on server) git svn init http://svn.example.com/project [options…] # Pull the latest changes from Subversion git svn rebase

DESCRIPTION

git svn is a simple conduit for changesets between Subversion and Git. It provides a bidirectional flow of changes between a Subversion and a Git repository.

git svn can track a standard Subversion repository, following the common “trunk/branches/tags” layout, with the –stdlayout option. It can also follow branches and tags in any layout with the -T/-t/-b options (see options to init below, and also the clone command).

Once tracking a Subversion repository (with any of the above methods), the Git repository can be updated from Subversion by the fetch command and Subversion updated from Git by the dcommit command.

Preserving history

SVN is configured to assume that the history of a project never changes. Git allows you to modify previous commits and changes using tools like

git rebase

.

GitHub supports Subversion clients, which may produce some unexpected results if you’re using both Git and SVN on the same project. If you’ve manipulated Git’s commit history, those same commits will always remain within SVN’s history. If you accidentally committed some sensitive data, we have an article that will help you remove it from Git’s history.

Note: Subversion support will be removed with GitHub version 3.13. For more information, see the GitHub blog.

Including subprojects

A subproject is a project that’s developed and managed somewhere outside of your main project. You typically import a subproject to add some functionality to your project without needing to maintain the code yourself. Whenever the subproject is updated, you can synchronize it with your project to ensure that everything is up-to-date.

In SVN, a subproject is called an SVN external. In Git, it’s called a Git submodule. Although conceptually similar, Git submodules are not kept up-to-date automatically; you must explicitly ask for a new version to be brought into your project.

For more information, see “Git Tools Submodules” in the Git documentation.

OPTIONS

–template=

Only used with the init command. These are passed directly to git init.

-r

–revision

Used with the fetch command.

This allows revision ranges for partial/cauterized history to be supported. $NUMBER, $NUMBER1:$NUMBER2 (numeric ranges), $NUMBER:HEAD, and BASE:$NUMBER are all supported.

This can allow you to make partial mirrors when running fetch; but is generally not recommended because history will be skipped and lost.

–stdin

Only used with the set-tree command.

Read a list of commits from stdin and commit them in reverse order. Only the leading sha1 is read from each line, so git rev-list –pretty=oneline output can be used.

–rmdir

Only used with the dcommit, set-tree and commit-diff commands.

Remove directories from the SVN tree if there are no files left behind. SVN can version empty directories, and they are not removed by default if there are no files left in them. Git cannot version empty directories. Enabling this flag will make the commit to SVN act like Git.

config key: svn.rmdir

-e

–edit

Only used with the dcommit, set-tree and commit-diff commands.

Edit the commit message before committing to SVN. This is off by default for objects that are commits, and forced on when committing tree objects.

config key: svn.edit

-l

–find-copies-harder

Only used with the dcommit, set-tree and commit-diff commands.

They are both passed directly to git diff-tree; see git-diff-tree[1] for more information.

config key: svn.l config key: svn.findcopiesharder

-A

Syntax is compatible with the file used by git cvsimport but an empty email address can be supplied with <>:

loginname = Joe User

If this option is specified and git svn encounters an SVN committer name that does not exist in the authors-file, git svn will abort operation. The user will then have to add the appropriate entry. Re-running the previous git svn command after the authors-file is modified should continue operation.

config key: svn.authorsfile

If this option is specified, for each SVN committer name that does not exist in the authors file, the given file is executed with the committer name as the first argument. The program is expected to return a single line of the form “Name

” or “Name <>”, which will be treated as if included in the authors file.

Due to historical reasons a relative filename is first searched relative to the current directory for init and clone and relative to the root of the working tree for fetch. If filename is not found, it is searched like any other command in $PATH.

config key: svn.authorsProg

-q

–quiet

Make git svn less verbose. Specify a second time to make it even less verbose.

-m

–merge

-s

–strategy=

-p

–rebase-merges

These are only used with the dcommit and rebase commands.

Passed directly to git rebase when using dcommit if a git reset cannot be used (see dcommit).

-n

–dry-run

This can be used with the dcommit, rebase, branch and tag commands.

For dcommit, print out the series of Git arguments that would show which diffs would be committed to SVN.

For rebase, display the local branch associated with the upstream svn repository associated with the current branch and the URL of svn repository that will be fetched from.

For branch and tag, display the urls that will be used for copying when creating the branch or tag.

When retrieving svn commits into Git (as part of fetch, rebase, or dcommit operations), look for the first


From:

line or

Signed-off-by

trailer in the log message and use that as the author string.

config key: svn.useLogAuthor

When committing to svn from Git (as part of set-tree or dcommit operations), if the existing log message doesn’t already have a


From:

or

Signed-off-by

trailer, append a

From:

line based on the Git commit’s author string. If you use this, then

--use-log-author

will retrieve a valid author string for all commits.

config key: svn.addAuthorFrom

Benefits of using dbForge Source Control

The market offers plenty of tools to work with changes in the SVN. However, one of the most convenient and efficient tools is
– dbForge Source Control for SQL Server – using which change management is getting easier than ever.
You can link your databases to the most widely-used version control systems, including SVN, and perform all operations within a single tool.

• Boost developer productivity
• Simplify the management of multiple developers working on the product
• Automate complex and repeatable processes
• Integrate source control into your DevOps without losing quality and performance
• Ensure smooth and flexible change management in a visual and user-friendly interface
• Adjust a database development and deployment due to the support of shared and dedicated database development models
• View a complete revision history of a database or database objects